فوق لیسانس مترجمی زبان انگلیسی

آرام آرام خواهید مرد اگر عشق نورزید و با آنها که نمی شناسید صحبت نکنید.

آرام آرام خواهید مرد اگر آغاز نکنید و از شروع کردن هراس داشته باشید. 

آرام آرام خواهید مرد اگر عزت نفستان را از دست بدهید و کمک دیگران را رد کنید.

The productions of literary translations fall into two categories:

1. Translation of contemporary works                 (the reason for this is known)

2. Retranslation of classical literature

Why should we retranslate what has been translated in the past.

A culture in a society is a product of its age. [1] By aging cultures undergo change. So does the acceptance of some cultural norms.[2] This is why literary works of classic should be translated every now and then.

Different ways to assess a translation quality:

1. Subjective, personal, intuitive, approach. Advocates of this model are practical translators and publishers who know a little about theories of translation. They assume that some one who has practically dealt with translation can be a good evaluator of translations. This is the model used in Italy.

2. Based on Nida's "dynamic equivalent" a translation should make the same reaction in the reader as the original makes in the SL readers.

A. we cannot measure the amount of this so called reaction in the readers of the TT.

B. In case we were able we would get a marked acceptable text for the receiving culture and not adequate to the original.

3. Wilss' model is full of furtive rules when a translation is far away from the use rules widespread in the receiving culture such variance is considered as a fault of the translator.

4. Koller's method is very similar to Wilss' and has got three stages:

a. Critical analysis of the prototext

b. Comparison of ST  & TT

c. Evaluation of the translation by speakers.

5. Reiss and Vermeer's method is based on functional theory and is not applicable to literary criticism.

6. House's method is more detailed and two factors are of importance:

a. overt vs. covert translation

b. cultural filter

[1] (You may refer to Popovic's notion about aging Logos 35)

2 (For norms and acceptance refer to Toury's theory of norms in "encyclopedia of translation" Mona Baker.)