فوق لیسانس مترجمی زبان انگلیسی

DOLE OUT

Dispense, distribute, allocate, allot, deal out, divide up, apportion, serve, give out, dish out (informal), issue, deal, share out

VOCABULARY

Read the following sentences:

1.Larijani said the violence in Iraq was limited mainly to regions where the main U.S. garrisons were based.

2. "The secure parts of Iraq have two characteristics -- they border Iran and in those provinces U.S. troops are not present," he said.

3. In a wide-ranging speech, Larijani blamed the U.S. occupation of Iraq for fomenting terrorism in the region.

4. Last year, Moscow proposed that Iran move its enrichment work to Russian territory, where it could be better monitored, to alleviate international suspicions.

5. The United States, Russia, China, Britain, France and Germany all want Iran to stop its enrichment program. But their approaches have differed over the past year, often straining the joint effort.

6. While the IAEA programs do not involve significant amounts of money, a senior U.N. official familiar with Iran's file said the suspensions carry "symbolic significance" because they are part of Security Council sanctions.

7. ElBaradei's Friday report to board members called for the full or partial suspension of 18 projects that it said could be misused to create nuclear weapons.

8. We pose no threat and if we are conducting nuclear research and development we are no threat to Israel.

1. Garrison:

a. stationed troops

b. a military post where troops are stationed

synonyms: barracks, quarters, military base, casern

2. province:

Synonyms:  area, state, prefecture, territory, realm, department (informal), region, county, district

 area, sphere, field, jurisdiction, domain, authority

3. foment:

cause trouble

synonyms: foster, stir up, stimulate, incite, generate, provoke, drum up, increase, encourage, whip up, fan

4. territory:

Synonyms:

 land, terrain, ground, area, region, zone, place, space

 country, land, state, province, region, domain, area, zone, district

 field, subject, specialty, area, terrain, sphere, arena, zone, compass

 patch, beat, domain, pitch, property, home, range, land, ground

5. strain:

noun (plural strains)

6. symbolic:

Synonyms: representative, figurative, emblematic, representational

7. misuse:

Synonyms: abuse, exploit, mistreat, knock around (informal), rough up (informal), maltreat, ill-treat, ill-use, wrong

8. pose :

a. to adopt a particular physical posture for a photograph or painting, or position somebody or something for this purpose

b. to pretend to be somebody or something else

c. to behave, dress, or assume a mental attitude intended to impress others (disapproving)

d. to be the cause of something, for example, a problem, threat, danger, or challenge

 synonyms:

pretense, sham, fake, front, façade, masquerade, affectation

  posture, stance, position, attitude, carriage (formal)

 model, stand, sit, sit for, posture, position yourself

 impersonate, pretend, play the part of, masquerade, profess, disguise yourself, pass off, feign

 present, cause, create, throw up, set, establish, proffer, tender

 ask, put, put forward, present, propound, inquire, question, propose

word meaning

Meaning is the kingpin of translation. What is essentially important in translation is meaning. A translator's job during translation is transferring meaning from SL to TL. How is it possible for the translator to do this multidimensional, complicated process while s/he has not realized the meaning of the ST? A translator therefore should be a semanticist. A translator may offer that the number of words in a language is large and that s/he has to allocate a lot of time to realize the meaning of words. But the problem of meaning is somewhat more complicated and more troublesome.

What is the most challenging of all is not the meaning of words in isolation but meaning of words within text. Meaning of single words in relation to other words in a text determines textual meaning of words.' The king pin of translation studies, without understanding what the text to be translated means for L2 users the translator would be hopelessly lost. This is why the translation scholar has to be a semanticist over and above every thing else. But by semanticist we mean a semanticist of text, not just of words, structures and sentences. The key concept for the semanticist of translation is textual meaning.' (Bell 1991. 79)

The translator may begin believing that the major problem is the word; It may be that there are words in the text which are new to the translator and whose meaning s/he does not know. However it soon becomes clear that, although the meaning of words are problematic in themselves, the greater problem is in meaning which derives from relationship of word to word rather than that which relates to the word in isolation. (ibid 83)

 There is no one word to one word semantic relation between different languages. A word may have many meanings and in several cases numerous meanings of a word will cause confusion and this will become worse if the words' meaning is studied in collocations, idioms, etc. In the process of translation the meaning of a word shall be recognized then by considering the semantic, syntactic and textual role of the word translation should be taken place.

Ferdinand de Saussure proposed that there is no mutual correspondence between a word and a thing, to ascribe significance becomes much more complicated. The meaning in each situation appears as an effect of the underlying structure of signs. These signs themselves do not have a fixed significance, the significance exists only in the individual. "Sign is only what it represents for someone."

Moreover words tend to have meanings which seem not to be found in any dictionary. According to relevance theory the cognitive process of achieving cognitive effects takes place in the following way:

'The perceptual input systems respond automatically to stimuli which are very likely to have cognitive effects, quickly converting them into the sort of representational formats that are appropriate  inputs to the conceptual inferential systems; these systems then integrate them, as efficiently as possible, with some accessible subset of existing representations to achieve as many cognitive effects as possible.' Sperber & Wilson (1986) and Sperber & Wilson (1995, 261-66). We find meaning by using imagination, reason, and trial and error. In the case of Time is like a river. The meaning may be that both life and a river go on endlessly.

However it seems Nida's approach to word meaning is more specific; he classifies word meaning into two categories: 1. referential meaning 2. connotative meaning. In chapter four of his book he proposes that most words have got more than one meaning and a translator should differentiate the meaning of words in two ways: syntactic and semotactic marking. "In many cases, the particular meaning of a word that is intended is clearly specified by the grammatical constructions in which it occurs; this is what we will refer as syntactic marking. In other cases, the specific meaning of a word which is intended is marked by the interaction of that term with the meaning of other terms in its environment. That is, the fact that term A is found in the context of term B means that only sense X of term A will fit. This condition by the meanings of surrounding terms we will call semotactic marking." (Nida, 56)

EXERCISE 1 : Fill the blank with appropriate word.

beribboned          epicardium            aerate       aeronomy         bespeak   hemophiliac          befuddled            centrifuge        aloud            afire

1. Alexis was a …………., and at that time there was no medical treatment that could alleviate his condition or lessen his vulnerability to uncontrolled bleeding.     

2. A perforated rotating drum in a laundry that throws off excess water from clothes, for example, is a type of …………..      

3. The wall of the heart consists of three distinct layers—the …………. (outer layer), the myocardium (middle layer), and the endocardium (inner layer).

4. Soil becomes crusted by heavy rains followed by surface drying and farmers usually harrow it in the spring to ……….. the soil.

5. Freedom of speech does not always mean to ………….. unspeakable.

6.  At that time people used to wear …………. garments.

7. They believe he is a …………… septuagenarian politician.

8. The ship both set ……….. and sunk into the river.

9. He was speaking ……….. and didn't need a bullhorn.

10. He is interested in ………….. and has decided to concentrate his studies on this matter.

key answers:

1. hemophiliac 2 . centrifuge 3. epicardium 4. aerate 5. bespeak 6. beribboned  7. befuddled 8. afire 9. aloud 10. aeronomy

NOTE:

ideo- means idea. In combination with gram it forms the word ideogram. Ideogram means a symbol used in some writing systems, for example, those of Japan, that directly but abstractly represents the thing or concept itself rather than the word for it. Ideograph has the same meaning. On the other hand idio- means private, individual, proper, or distinctive. (Idiogram means picture of chromosomes). 

read the following sentences.   

1. Another interesting design revealed by the Navy during 1945 was the Ryan Fireball, (FR-1), first airplane to combine a reciprocating engine and a jet propulsion power plant. It is also the first carrier based plane to have a tricycle landing gear.

2.  The number of AIDS cases worldwide is predicted to double by the end of 1991. In the United States, the number is expected to triple or quadruple by that time.

3. outspoken critic of the Saraiva-Cotegipe, or Sexagenarian Law, which freed slaves aged 65 and older. Although this law liberated the oldest slaves—and, not coincidentally, the least economically valuable—Nabuco feared that plantation owners would use it to abandon the old and infirm, and argued that the nation was in need of more radical reforms.

4. On August 31 in East Los Angeles a man allegedly trying to steal a car was chased and caught by a crowd. The man, Richard Ramirez, a 25-year-old drifter, was held by police as the "Night Stalker" who for months had been committing brutal murders and other attacks in Los Angeles suburbs, Orange County, and San Francisco. The killer got his nickname because he customarily made his attacks at homes in quiet neighborhoods some time before dawn. Police said Ramirez might have had an interest in satanism. Inverted pentagrams—often a symbol for the devil's horns—were drawn on the walls of some of the Night Stalker's victims. At his arraignment on September 27, Ramirez was charged with more than 60 crimes, among them 14 killings and two dozen sexual assaults. He pleaded not guilty in October.

5. Many important crop plants are monocarpic, producing fruit and seeds in a single burst and then rapidly senescing and dying. The death of the parent plant was previously thought to be an inevitable consequence of the growth of the seeds, since nutrients stored in the leaves and stem are diverted to build the food reserves of starch and oils in the seeds. This theory has been disproved by studies on the soybean by L. C. Nooden, D. C. Rupp, and B. D. Derman of the University of Michigan.

6. Several new mutants (or variations which breed true) in mice have been reported by various authors in 1956. Of these, a report on hereditary spherocytosis in the deer mouse, presented at the International Congress of Human Genetics, is of particular interest. In this condition, the red blood cells, instead of being biconcave discs, become globular and biconvex in shape, and have a diameter smaller than normal.

7. Decimal Coinage, money system derived from the decimal system that numbers in scales of ten. The fractional denominations of decimal coinage are stated in terms of tenths and hundredths of the standard monetary unit, while the larger denominations are in multiples of ten or fractions of such multiples. In the coinage of the United States the standard unit is the dollar, and its fractions are the dime and the cent. Some countries that once used a nondecimal system of coinage subsequently changed to the decimal system

A spot in gold and a fault in a wise man are soon visible.

Anonymous Finnish proverb

A stranger is not gossiped about.

Anonymous African (Shona) proverb

A nod is as good as a wink to a blind horse.

Anonymous Proverb.

A proverb is one man's wit and all men's wisdom.

Lord Russell (1792 - 1878)British prime minister.

A trick is clever only once.

Anonymous Yiddish proverb.

A wise man will not reprove a fool.

Anonymous Chinese proverb

Adultery is like dung; one goes far to do it.

Anonymous African  (Bemba) proverb.

پدیده ای بی معنا به نام ترجمه ماشینی!

لطفا از خرید نرم افزارهای ترجمه صرف نظر کنید چرا که خرید نرم افزارهای ترجمه بیرون ریختن پولتان است. برای آشنائی شما با آنچه که این نرم افزارها بر سر ترجمه می آوردندمثال های زیر ارایه می گردد.  به این ترجمه ها که توسط " مترجم پارس" و "پدیده" انجام توجه فرمائید.

a. It was a light package. I could manage carrying it. (Light as an adjective)

مترجم: آن یک بسته روشن بود.  من می توانستم حمل کردن آن موفق بشوم.

Î As is obvious light in English sentence is an adjective translated into روشن while the appropriate translation of this lexical form is سبک. 

پدیده: . يك بسته روشن بود. من می توانستم اداره بكنم آنرا حمل بكنم.

b. Under the light of moon soldiers were forging forward. (Light as a noun)

مترجم: زیر نور سربازهای ماه جلویی می ساختند.

Ç Though the translation of "forging" is not correct and disregarding the correct translation of "light of moon" not "soldiers of moon" ruin the product of transaltion but the machine is capable of recognizing and solving the lexical ambiguity of "light" in the sentence.

پدیده: زير نور ماه سربازى می كند بد جعل كردن به جلو.

c. Let's light up the room. (Light is a verb)

مترجم: نور let  بالا اتاق.

Î Light up is verb translated into نور which takes the role of a noun in the Persian sentence.

پدیده: به اتاق روشن كردن اجازه بدهيد.

اما نباید زحمت افرادی که در راه اعتلای ترجمه ماشینی در ایران قدم برداشته اند را ارج ننهیم.

و باید بدانیم پیچیدگی زبان به حدی بالاست که تقریبا میتوان آنرا از فردی به فرد دیگر، که به یک زبان صحبت می کنند، تمیز داد. زبان در بین انسانها از چنین پیچیدگی برخوردار است و نمی توانیم از ماشینها انتظار داشته باشیم که درست مثل انسانها بفهمند. دانش بشری هنوز به جایی نرسیده که هوش مصنوعی کارآمد بسازد و از آنجایی که در حال حاضر دستیابی به هوش مصنوعی مقدور نمی باشد دست یابی به ماشینی که زبان بشری را درک کند میسر نمی باشد. زبان وجه تمایز انسان از سایر موجودات است و پیچیدگی آن عمدتا به دلیل تجزیه تحلیل میزان گسترده ای از اطلاعات در چند هزارم ثانیه توسط مغز انسان می باشد. مثلا جمله "من خسته هستم" در پاسخ به سئوال "آیا امشب به مهمانی می رویم؟" در حالات مختلف معانی مختلف دارد و این اطلاعات موجود در ذهن شنونده است که به آن معنا می دهد. اگر اطلاعات ما درباره فرد خسته این است که وی فردی پر انرژی است و وقتی خسته است هم به مهمانی میرود پس استنباط شنونده این خواهد بود که وی به مهمانی خواهد رفت. اما اگر اطلاعات ما در باره او بر این پایه استوار باشد که وی فرد تنبلی است و زمان خستگی کاری جز استراحت را ترجیح نمی دهد پس استنباط این خواهد بود که وی به مهمانی نخواهد رفت. پس جملات یکسان در شرایط مختلف دارای معانی کاملا متضاد خواهند بود.

آنچه به درک ما از گفته های دیگران کمک می کند شناخت خوب آنهاست. نگاه یک خانم به همسرش در یک مهمانی با وجود اینکه فاقد کلام می باشد میتواند به اندازه یک صفحه تفسیر داشته باشد. چرا که این دو همدیگر را خیلی خوب می شناسند و سالها زندگی مشترک اطلاعات مشترک زیادی بین آن دو ایجاد کرده است. عمدتا وجود همین اطلاعات مشترک زیاد بین افراد یک خانواده سبب کوتاهی کلام بین آن دو می شود. سطح جملات بین آنها به یک لغت کاهش می یابد و اغلب ارتباطات ازاین طریق صورت می گیرد. در کنار اهمیت اطلاعات ذخیره شده در ذهن، استنباطی که بر پایه این اطلاعات صورت می گیرد نیز جایگاه خاص خود را دارد.

بر اساس تئوری ارتباط (اسپبر، ویلسون) انسانها همیشه در پی یافتن ارتباط موضوع مکالمه با شرایط حاضر هستند......

اگر دوست داشتید دستوربدهید تا ادامه داشته باشد

تمام دانشمندان ادراک، زبانشناسی، زبانشناسی رایانه ای، جامعه شناسی، روانشناسی، زبانشناسی/روانشناسی ، جامعه شناسی/زبانشناسی و.... معتقدند بحث پیچیدگی زبان خیلی گسترده است و انسان از درک نکات عمیق آن کاملا عاجز و نا توان است.زبان و کاربرد آن با تمام قداستش بخشی بسیار کوچک به وسعت نادانسته های بشری است از عظمت خالق بی همتا.

"God endowed him with wisdom and the distinction of speech...He made him an Imam while still in the state of apparent childhood just as he made Jesus, son of Mary, a prophet in the cradle."

Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Harithi al-Baghdadi al-Mufid (lived 10th century)

Iraqi scholar and jurist. Referring to Imam Mohammed al-Mahdi, known as the Twelfth Imam to Shiite Muslims. The Book of Guidance Into the Lives of the Twelve Imams, "The Lives of the Other Imams: The Twelfth Imam" (I. K. A. Howard (tr.))

1.      To finish a speech by summarizing its main points is….

a.      perorate

b.     percolate

c.      pernickety

d.     perspire

2.      "Fawn" does not mean….

a.      a pale yellowish-brown color

b.     a young dear

c.      a green apple

d.     seek favor by flattery

3.      which meaning is not appropriate for abbreviations below

a.      fbd.      Freeboard

b.     FBT      fringe benefit  tax

c.      FBI       Federal Branch of Investigation

d.     FCC      federal communication commission

e.      FCO      foreign and commonwealth office

f.       FDA      food and drug administration l;

4.      "a loose water repellent jacket" is ….

a.      rain shelter

b.     rain shell

c.      rain forest

d.     rain coat

5.      "thoroughly wet" is…

a.      foggy

b.     soggy

c.      moggy

d.     doggy

6.      "every where" is ….

a.      far and wide

b.     far and near

c.      far gone

d.     in so far as

7.      "to prepare or enter a battle" is …

a.      lay down arms

b.     take up arms

c.      be up in arms

d.     take up the baton

8.      which of the following abbreviation is not correctly indicated

a.      X-rated: containing explicit sex scenes or descriptions of sex (informal)

b.     X out: cross out something

c.      X-c : cross country

d.     W3: world wide war               

9.      "relapsing into crime" is …

a.      recidivism

b.     recession

c.      recantation

d.     ramification

     10. odd one out!

                  a. trepidation

                  b. disquiet

                  c. fear

                  d. equanimity

1.a  2.c   3.c Federal bureau of Investigation    4.a   5.b moggy=cat   doggy=dog  foggy=obscured by fog 6.b

in so far as to the extent that

far and wide covering a great distance

far and near everywhere

far and away without a doubt and by a large margin

far gone in a state of deterioration and unable to function

go far to be very successful

  7. b    8.d world wide web        9.a

a. the tendency to relapse into a previous undesirable type of behavior, especially crime

b. recess: break

c. recant: to deny believing in something or withdraw something previously said

d. ramification: consequence, complication, result, difficulty, implication, corollary, effect, upshot, sequel, development

10. d

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

For further reading:

Black flag: Jolly Rogers

Black Hand: criminal organization

Black hole: an object in space thought to contain a celestial object with such a strong gravitational pull that no matter or energy can escape from it.Black holes are believed to form when stars collapse in upon themselves. Also called collapsar

Black Humor: humor that deals with unpleasant aspects of life in a bitter or ironic way

Black mass: an imitation of a Christian Mass said to be conducted by worshipers of the Devil

Black Muslim: a member of the Nation of Islam, an almost exclusively African American Islamic denomination based in the United States

Black nationalist: a member of any political organization that promotes separate self-governing communities or states for black people

Black out: 1. to lose consciousness, sight, or memory temporarily 2. to cover a piece of writing with black color so that it cannot be read 3. to refuse to broadcast radio or television programs, or a sports event for which tickets are still available 4. to refuse to remember an upsetting fact, event, or experience  5. to withhold news or information about a subject

Black powder: gunpowder, especially the kind formerly used in mines and quarries.

Black power: a movement formed by black people to engender social equality and emphasize pride in their racial identity via black cultural and political institutions and organizations

Black sash: an organization of Caucasian women in South Africa who campaigned against apartheid and now provide social services

Black sheep: misfit, somebody regarded by the other members of a family or group as not living up to their standards and expectations

Black stone: حجر السود

Blackball: to prevent somebody from becoming a member of a club by voting against the person

Blackmail: use of secrets to compel: the act of forcing somebody to pay money or do something by threatening to reveal shameful or incriminating facts about him or her.                                       

Greenmail: the purchase of enough of a company’s stock to threaten it with takeover, thereby forcing the company to buy back the stock at a higher price to avoid the takeover.

Graymail: a maneuver used by the defense in a spy trial whereby the government is threatened with the revelation of national secrets unless the case against the defendant is dropped.

"I am all for the short and merry life." Epitaph

1. Wrong: Julius offered his friend to drive him to the airport.

    Right: Julius offered to drive his friend to the airport.

2. Wrong: Alex refused, much to the surprise of the others, answering 

               the question.

    Right: Alex refused, much to the surprise of the others, to answer

              the question.

1.     They asked us to go.

2.     He asked to go.

3.     The child begged her mother to allow her to stay up late.

4.     The child begged to stay up late.

5.     She said that she didn't care to see the recital.

6.     Cary has volunteered to supply the drinks for the picnic.

7.     The director persuaded the actress to use another interpretation.

8.     She told them to listen carefully.

9.     She said to listen carefully.

NOTE: The verbs Hope, Decide, Agree, Pretend, and Promise are often followed by a that clause instead of by an infinitive; approximately the same meaning is retained.

Compare: Miss Rose hopes that she can find a solution soon.

                 Miss Rose hopes to find a solution soon.             

Above option is not true of most verbs.

1. Wrong: The earthquake caused that the building collapsed.

    Right: The earthquake caused the building to collapse.

2. Wrong: He deserved that he should get the reward.

    Right: He deserved to get the reward.

NOTE: The verbs that are followed by an object before the infinitive may be changed to passive voice, in which case no object is used before the infinitive.

Compare: The manager required the store clerks to attend a sales meeting.

                 The store clerks were required to attend a sales meeting.

                 WRONG: The store clerks were required them to attend a sales

                  meeting.

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

 Answer the following questions:

1.     Singing two operas at the Metropolitan Opera House, the popular opera star is awaiting word on her next performance.

2.     To get a job in most office, you have to be able to type fifty words a minute carry out instructions, and spell well.

3.     The committee is hoping that a concert can be arranged imminently in which the works of Bach will play. 

4.     Peter's jacket cost….Jack's.

a.      twice more than

b.     two times more as

c.     twice as much as

d.     twice more as

5.     A reward of five hundred dollars will be given … can identify the    

          bank robber.

a.      to whoever

b.     to whomever

c.     whomever

d.     whoever person

6.     A fine writer, an excellent storyteller, and …, the auhter, however, lived a tempestuous and dissolute life.

a.      being a charming person

b.     very charming

c.     a charming person

d.     charming everyone

7.     Ether and alcohol … in chemistry laboratories.

a.      frequently are used solvents

b.     are used frequently solvents

c.     are frequently used solvents

d.     are frequent used as solvents

Answers:

1.     A ( having sung )

2.     A (offices)

3.     D (will played)

4.     C

5.     A

6.     C

7.     C

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

*در دوران حکومت صفویه و خاصه ایام زمامداری شاهان قاجار، جمع بسیاری از سیاحان وخاورشناسان و باستان شناسان و نظامیان و سیاستمدران اروپایی هر یک به منظور خاصی به ایران سفر کردند و شرح ماجرای خود نگاشتند. جمعی از اینان به تر بیت زبان فارسی به سفری آمدند تا هم مشام جان خویش را از رایحه دل انگیز نغمات و عرفان سخن سرایان این ملک بیارایند و هم تابشی از خرد  وحکمت آن را برای هم زبانان خود به ارمغان برند. نیکلسن، خاور شناس نامدار انگلیسی که قریب سی سال از عمر گرانمایه خود را به تحقیق درباره عرفان مولانا سپرد تا مثنوی او را بپیراید ، موریه افتخار شناساندن آثار سعدی به اروپائیان را دارد و لویی ماسینیون به حلاجی اندیشه های حلاج پرداخت تا با نگارش مصایب حلاج  او را به جهان باز شناساند و گوته نامبردار که نه با تن بلکه  با روان خود به سفری معنوی در دیار غزلیات حافظ به زبا ن آلمانی گام می نهد از جمله افراد سر شناسی هستند که از این ملک بهره ها برده اند. بهره های ادبی که غربیان از آثار ایرانی برده اند در زمان رمانتیسم که مقارن بود با تلاقی این مکتب با فعالیت گسترده خاورشناسان و سیا حان شرقی بیشمار است و جایگاه بحث در باره آن در این مجال نیست.

*موضوع ادبیات تطبیقی پژوهش در مطالعه تلاقی ادبیات ملل جهان است از این تلاقی نحوه تاثیر و تاثرها، محدوده آنها تغییراتی که به هنگام داد و ستد یک اثر به وجود می آید چرائی آن تغییر، شیوه هجرت یک تفکر از کشوری به کشور دیگر منظور است.   

Exotism:                       غیر بومی مابی

Cosmopolitism             جهان وطنی

Orientalism                   خاور شناسی