فوق لیسانس مترجمی زبان انگلیسی

لطفا نظرتان را راجع به نوع ومیزان تمریناتی که یک مترجم همزمان در ارتقاء توانایی در هر دو زبان میتواند به کار ببرد را بفرمائید.

بنای یاد بود شهدا

War memorial

آرامگاه شهدا

Martyr's cemetery, memorial park

لیست/ فهرست اسامی شهدا

Roll of honor

همسر شهید

War widow

آرامگاه شهید گمنام

اقمار شوروی

Satellite of USSR

رئیس جمهور وقت

Then president

 رئیس جمهور اسبق

Ex-president

رئیس جمهور جدید

Incoming president

رئیس جمهور منتخب

President-elect

رئیس جمهور بر کنار شده( شکست خورده در انتخابات دور دوم)

Outgoing president

هر که گردن به دعوی افرازد

خویشتن را به گردن اندازد

سعدی افتاده ای ست آزاده

کس نیابد به جنگ افتاده

اول اندیشه و آن گهی گفتار

پای بست آمده است و پس دیوار

Who lifts up his neck with pretentions,

Foes hasten to him from every side.

Sa’di has fallen to be a hermit.

No one came to attack a fallen man.

First deliberation, then speech;

The foundation was laid first, then the wall.

GULISTAN

Sa'di, Sheykh Moslehoddin

Admonition 12

 When thou perceivest that discord is in the army of the foe, be thou at ease; but if they are united, be apprehensive of thy own distress.

     Go and sit in repose with thy friends

     When thou seest war among the enemies;

     But if thou perceivest that they all agree

    Span thy bow and carry stones upon the rampart.

Maxim 53

Although a sultan’s garment of honour is dear yet one’s own old robe is more dear; and though the food of a great man may be delicious, the broken crumbs of one’s own sack are more delicious.

     Vinegar by one’s own labour and vegetables Are better than bread received as alms, and veal.

Maxim 61

The noblest of beings is evidently man, and the meanest a dog, but intelligent persons agree that a grateful dog is better than an ungrateful man.

     A dog never forgets a morsel received

     Though thou throwest a stone at him a hundred times.

     But if thou cherishest a base fellow a lifetime,

     He will for a trifle suddenly fight with thee.

MORPHEME:

The minimal distinctive unit of grammar, and the central concern of morphology. Its original motivation was as an alternative to the notion of the word, which had proved to be difficult to work with in comparing languages. Words, moreover, could be quite complex in structure, and there was a need for a single concept to interrelate such notions as root, prefix, compound, etc. The morpheme, accordingly, was seen primarily as the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 

morphemes are commonly classified into FREE FORMS ( morphemes which can occur as separate words) and BOUND FORMS ( morphemes which cannot so occur- mainly affixes): thus unselfish consists of the three morphemes un, self, ish, of which self is free form, un- and -ish bound forms. A word consisting of a single (free) morpheme is  a monomorphemic word; its opposite is polynorphemic. A further distinction may be made between lexical and grammatical morphemes ; the former are morphemes used for the construction of new words in a language, such as compound words( e.g. blackbird), and affixes such as -ship, -ize; the latter are morphemes used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context, such as plurality

or past tense (i.e. the inflections on words). Grammatical morphemes which are separate words are called ( inter alia) function words.

As with EMIC notions, morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units, known as morphs. The relationship is generally referred to as one of exponence, or realization. Most morphemes are realized by single morphs, as in the example above. Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word or sentence, such as alternative morphs being called allomorphs or morphemic alternants/ variants. Thus the morpheme of plurality represented orthographically by -s in e.g. cots, digs , forces has the allomorphs represented phonetically by {-s}, {-z}, {-iz} respectively (morphemes are usually symbolized using brace brackets). In this instance the allomorphs result from the phonetic influence of the sound with which the singular forms of the words terminate, the process being referred to as one of phonological conditioning. The phenomenon of alternative morphemic realization is called allomorphy. The study of arrangement of morphemes in linear sequence, taking such factors into account, is morphotactics.

further study:

zero morph empty morph portmanteau morph submorpheme morphemics