CONFUCIUS
Born: Circa 551 B.C., in the state of Lu, (now Shandong Province), China
Died: Circa 479 B.C., in the state of Lu, (now Shandong Province), China
Confucius (a Latin translation for K'ung Ch'iu) was born into a noble clan. His father, a state commander, died
when K'ung Ch'iu was just three, leaving the family impoverished. Nonetheless Confucius was well-educated,
possibly through his own efforts and reading. For four years after his marriage at age 19 he was obliged to
work as a laborer due to poverty. He had two daughters and one son.
Confucius began teaching after his mother died in 527 B.C., traveling the district and speaking on ancient
values he felt the people had forgotten over time. Confucius was living in a time of great upheaval and social
and political corruption in China, and he therefore desired to restore people's social and ethical behavior to the
former high moral standards of their ancestors. His desire to revive rather than create is reflected in the fact
that he did not put into writing the principles that he espoused; his teachings were recorded by his disciples in
the text Analects (Lun Yü). For his own part, he taught from ancient sources, and demonstrated his teachings
daily for he believed rulers could achieve personal greatness and success for their states only if they led their
lives in an exemplary fashion. He held that the human duty was comprised of five virtues: kindness,
uprightness, decorum, wisdom and faithfulness; and emphasized individuals' responsibilities to the state. In
addition he held parents (of the past and present) in high regard and exhorted others to do so as well.
Confucius quickly gained fame and respect for his teaching and at age 51 was named minister of crime in the
state of Lu. He was so successful in implementing reforms based upon his principles that crime was virtually
eliminated. His accomplishments, however, incurred the jealousy of a neighboring state's leader who sought to
remove Confucius from his post. After 496 B.C. Confucius therefore resumed his earlier occupation of
traveling and teaching while seeking a new employer. The search was in vain, however, and in 484 B.C. he
returned to the state of Lu where he wrote commentaries on classic texts, and, it is believed, a history of that
district from 722 to 481 B.C. He was buried in a tomb at Ch'ü-fu, Shandong, following his death circa 479 B.C.
His teachings continued to be of tremendous influence on succeeding generations and were used as
textbooks from the time of the Han dynasty (circa 206 B.C.) onwards, for roughly 2000 years.
Theism means belief in God or gods. How can you guess the meaning of the words like pantheism, atheism, polytheism, monotheism? pan- means all the combination of pan- and theism forms pantheism which means the belief that God is every where. a- means without or not and when it is put beside theism they mean unbelief in God or deities. Polytheism means belief in many gods. And monotheism is the opposite of polytheism and means belief in one God.
How can you make new words using theism.
monotheism n. monotheist n. monotheistic adj.
polytheism n. polytheist n. polytheistic adj.
atheism n. atheist n. atheistic adj.
pantheism n. pantheist n. pantheistic adj.
read the following lines and note the word underlined:
The issue between nominalism and realism was not only philosophical but also theological, for Roscelin maintained that the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit), conceived in the traditional theology of the church as constituting a unity of one divine nature, cannot be understood, according to the individualizing method of nominalism, except as three distinct and separate gods, a doctrine known as tritheism.
Is there a word like QUADROTHEISM which means belief that there are four gods? Or is there a word like OCTOTHEISM? Can you guess the meaning of a word like PENTOTHEISM? In order to work out the meaning of pantheism refer to entry of penta- in the first part of this book.
*Cultural transmission of language in humankind contrasts with the innateness of the typical signs of nonhuman species, for example the basis songs of most birds or the signs of chimpanzees including facial expressions and a few vocalizations.
*Languages differ from place to place in the world, and we have to learn the form appropriate for the place. This is cultural transmission.
*only mimetic morphemes can be iconic, and relatively few meanings, otherwise, can be expressed indexically, like the different degrees of intensity/ insistence in "Hey!".
*a sign is neither form nor meaning, but simultaneously both.
*a sign does not have to be seen; it could be heard.
*signs and sign systems are useless unless users have shared knowledge of them.
*three parts of a sign are: interpreter, form, and meaning.
*in communication, one presents the form of signs to others, and so invokes their meaning.
1. Leo is fortunate ….his wallet yesterday.
a. to find b. to have been finding
c. to have found d. to found
2. She claims …..when the crime occurred.
1. to sleep b. to have slept
c. to have been sleeping d. to have sleeping
3.Ned is perspiring. he appears … vigorously.
a. to exercising b. to be exercising
c. to have exercised d. to have been exercising
4. Myron taught his daughter….
a. drive b. drove
c. to driving d. to drive
5. The research institute cannot afford , at this time,… additional
staff members.
a. hiring b. to hire
c. to have hired d. to have been hiring
1.c 2.c 3.d 4.d 5.b
Choose one of a, b, c, or d. Only one answer is correct.
1. Common words may not make sense in their context a translator should consult dictionaries and encyclopedias to ensure the exact meaning of that word. This is referred to as ……
a. general reading b. close reading c. title translation d. word for word translation
2. Two texts may describe a battle or a riot or a debate, stating the same facts and figures, but the type of language used and even the grammatical structures in each may be evident of different points of view. This is referred to as……..
a. the intention of the text b. the style of the text
c. the readership d. attitude
3. A text with dynamic sequence of events, where the emphasis is on the verbs is called a ……..text
a. description b. discussion c. narrative d.dialogue
4...............text is static, with emphasis on linking verbs, adjectives, adjectival nouns.
a. description b. discussion c. narrative d. dialogue
5. ……text is a treatment of ideas, with emphasis on abstract nouns, verbs of thought, mental activity, logical argument and connectives.
a. description b. discussion c. narrative d. dialogue
6…… emphasizes on colloquialism and phaticisms.
a. description b. discussion c. narrative d. dialogue
7. when a writer uses plump instead of fat or slim instead of thin or slender it indicates his …….. toward a person in his writing as his standards.
a. setting b. attitude c. intention d. stylistic scale
1.b 2.a 3.c 4.a 5.b 6.d 7.b
STUDY OF NEW MARK'S "A TEXT BOOK OF TRANSLATION" IS A SINE QUA NON FOR ANYONE INTERESTED IN TRANSLATION. WHILE WE SHOULD BEAR IT IN OUR MIND THAT A THORUGH UNDERSTANDING OF LINGUISTICS, PSYCHOLINGUISTICS, SOCIOLOGY, GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF BOTH LANGUAGES AND CULTUERS OF SOURCE AND TARGET ARE OF GREATER IMPORTANCE. BESIDES IT REQUIRES A PERSON WHO HAS GREAT KNWOLEDGE ABOUT HIS INTERESTED FIELD OF TRANSLATION. SO YOU SEE HOW HARD THE JOB OF A REAL TRANSLATOR IS!
1. Which of the following collocations seem incorrect?
a. mandibular leg b. tricuspid valve c. inveterate Arab basher d. unrelenting leader
2. Which of the following words are not used to praise or admire sb or sth?
a. encomium b. eulogy c. dirge d . put sb or sth on the pedestal
3. Odd one out!
a. gourmet b. hedonistic c. epicurean d. perfunctory
4. Odd one out!
a. malleable b. catalyst c. ductile d. supple
5. Equal in size is….
a. commensurate b. xylophagy c. melliphagy d. equate
6. Odd one out!
a. plebeians b. populace c. refractory d. rank and file
7. Among the casualties was the daughter of the king who …..to death on the way to the hospital.
a. sanctioned b. countenanced c. submitted d. succumbed
8. A measure by the medieval Roman Catholic Church to suspend warfare during certain days of the
week and during the period of certain church festivals and Lent is ……….
a. act of God b. truce of God c. peace of God d. friends of God
9. an unofficial or mock court set up spontaneously for the purpose of delivering a judgment arrived at in
advance, usually one in which a disloyal cohort’s fate is decided
a. court-martial b. court leet c. Crown court d. kangaroo court
10. In politics
a. denigrated b. littered c. bolstered d. gestated
1.a 2.c 3.d 4. b 5.a 6.c 7.d 8.b 9.d 10.a
read the following:
Approve often implies no more than this but may suggest considerable esteem or admiration "the parents approve of the marriage". Endorse suggests an explicit statement of support "publicly endorsed her for Senator". Sanction implies both approval and authorization "the President sanctioned covert operations". Accredit and certify usually imply official endorsement attesting to conformity to set standards "the board voted to accredit the college" 'must be certified to teach".
READ the following:
Spring of Khosrow Carpet also called Winter of Khosrow Carpet
ancient Persian carpet, possibly the most costly and magnificent of all time, made for the
Its design was a formalized paradise with streams, paths, rectangular plots of flowers, and flowering trees. Water was represented by crystals, soil by gold, and fruits and flowers by precious stones. When the Arabs captured