فوق لیسانس مترجمی زبان انگلیسی

Born in 1758, three years after the publication of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary, Noah Webster, of New Hartford, CT, published in 1806 the Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, and in1828 came his magnum opus the American Dictionary of the English Language (ADEL). Since Webster's ADEL was thought by many to have surpassed Dr Johnson's not only in scope—70,000 words compared to Johnson's 43,500—but in authority as well, the American lexicographer's work became the gold standard. In fact, the dictionary enjoyed such appeal that the name 'Webster's' became a byword for quality dictionaries.

Not only did Noah Webster record language as it was being used (a descriptivist position not unlike Johnson's), he simplified or otherwise altered the spelling of a good number of English words (e.g., musick to music; centre to center). Whether he did so out of a nationalistic spirit (America, after all, was a very young country in 1828), or perhaps due to academic interests in phonetics, we'll never know for sure. Whatever his reasons for implementing the changes, it is generally believed that many of the differences between American and British English in spelling and pronunciation stem from these changes made unilaterally by Webster.

Only one of the choices in each question is right.

1. Exorcise means:

a. free a person or place from evil

b. emancipate slaves

c. liberate beleaguered nations

d. exculpate a culprit

2.  Effervesce means:

a. cesspit (similar in meaning to abyss)

b. extirpate

c. disparage

d. to show liveliness or exhilaration

3. penultimate means

a. one before the last

b. prowess

c. inspissate

d. penitent

4. expiate means

a. gumshoe

b. atone

c. skulk

d. suppliant

5. Odd one out

a. Casanova

b. lothario

c. Don Juan

 d. priggish

1.a  2.d   3.a    4.b   5 .d

.Beauty is altogether in the eye of the beholder

Margaret Wolfe Hungerford (1855? - 1897)

Definitions

Interpretation - Interpretation, or interpreting, is an activity that consists of establishing, either simultaneously or consecutively, oral communications between two or more speakers who are not speaking the same language.

Translation - Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language and the production of a new, equivalent text in another language. The final product is called a translation.

Source language (SL) – The SL is the original language of a text or utterance before it is translated or interpreted.

Target language (TL) – The language into which a text is rendered. The language one translates or interprets into is the TL.

Simultaneous interpreting

·First used at the end of World War II during the Nuremberg trials.
·Usually accomplished in pairs with each interpreter taking turns at the microphone every 30 minutes.
·Most international organizations have their interpreters work only into the interpreters’ native tongue.
·Interpreters normally work in soundproof booths, attentively listening to the speaker’s remarks via headphones and following slightly behind in the target language. Decisiveness is paramount. There is no time to weigh the merits of various renditions.
·While some information may be written down (dates, names, important facts), simultaneous interpreters do not take notes as consecutive interpreters do.
·May also be done with the interpreter/audience using portable equipment (microphone and headphones).
·Most suitable for lectures, seminars and conferences and during events at which information generally flows in one direction.

Consecutive interpreting

·The interpreter normally stands alongside the speaker, listening and taking notes as the speech progresses. When the speaker has finished, or comes to a pause (every 1-5 minutes, at the end of every paragraph, end of a complete thought or concept), the interpreter reproduces the message in the target language, in its entirety and as though she were making the original speech.
·Key skills and tools are note taking, aggressive listening and a superior memory.
·Used primarily during meetings, negotiations, dinners, toasts, and during excursions and tours.
·The type of memory used most actively in consecutive interpreting (short-term) differs from that of simultaneous interpreting (long-term), and different note-taking skills are required.

Interpretation and Translation

It is easy to assume that interpretation and translation differ only in the medium: oral or written. However, there can be great differences in training (type, not necessarily the amount), skills and even some personality attributes.

·A translator must write well and express herself superbly in the target language. Ideally, the translator is a native speaker of the target language. directionality
·It is imperative that the translator understands the source language and the culture of its speakers. She does not have to be as verbally fluent in the source language as the interpreter, but she should have a native or near-native comprehension of the meaning and nuance of the source text.
·A translator should have a comprehensive set of dictionaries and reference materials available (as well as have a high level of expertise in using on-line resources). A professional interpreter will also have these resources, but they are more for study and preparation and not for use while actually engaged in interpreting.
·While a translator may specialize in a narrowly focused subject or two, most conference interpreters normally prepare for a wide variety of topics.
·A translator’s work is more methodical and exact.
·All interpreters, but especially consecutive interpreters, should have superior short-term memory.
·An interpreter must have a good voice, excellent public speaking skills and panache. She should feel comfortable in the spotlight. While a simultaneous interpreter’s work is mostly anonymous, when an interpreter makes a major meaning error “in the booth,” an amazing number of people are eager to let her know about it. Consecutive interpreters tend to be more visible, as they usually are standing or sitting beside their principal.
·Professional interpreters and translators comprehensively read and study in the fields they work most often (in the target and source languages).

here is a good sample of translation from: http://reader.blogfa.com/

این دوشیزه ۲۰ ساله که عکسش رو اینجا میتونید ببینید بانوی برتر کنتاکی و امریکاست .او میگه ستاره های پاپ ممکنه از طرف جوانهایی که اونها را بعنوان الگوی تقلید نگاه میکنن تحت فشار قرار بگیرن.حالا خودش این فرصت رو پیدا کرده که الگو بشه:

1.

How easy it looks at first peer that learning a language may be easy but it

requires strenuous efforts, burdensome perseverance and constant dedication to let you know that the farther you go you realize the less you have learnt. Meanwhile you get this feeling that you are familiar with the things you encounter for the first time in English and even other languages like Italian.

vaporize, (Italian)  verbo transitivo  vaporizzare, (French) (se) vaporiser

invite, (Italian) verbo transitivo  invitare, (French) inviter

pull a muscle farsi uno strappo muscolare

2.

mal- :  bad(ly) , wrong(ly)

                             malpractice: careless , illegal or unacceptable behavior by sb in a professional or official position

                             malodorous: having an unpleasant smell

                             malformation: the state of being badly formed or shaped

                             malady: a disease or disorder

                             malefactor:  one who commits an offense against the law; felon, lawbreaker, offender

                             malicious: given to, marked by, or arising from malice; done with ill will

                             maladjusted: unable to adapt to the demands of a social environment and behave in an acceptable way

                             malnutrition: condition resulting from a  lack of food or the right type of food

3.

VANITY

vanity: 1. excessive pride 2. sth sb is vain about 3. futility 4. sth futile

1. syn: pride, narcissism, self-importance, conceit, arrogance, egotism, airs, bigheadedness   antonym: humility

2. syn: futility, emptiness, uselessness, pointlessness, worthlessness, ineffectuality, insignificance, ineffectiveness, hollowness, unreality

antonym: value

vanity plate: a license plate for a motor vehicle for which the owner has paid extra to be able to choose its numbers and letters

now it is possible to guess the meaning of vanity telephone number.

vanity press= vanity publisher: a publishing house that publishes an author’s work in return for payment from the author. Vanity publishers do not typically market or distribute their publications.

vanity fair: a place, especially a very large city or the world in general, considered to be frivolous and full of idle worthless amusements (literary)

vanity domain: an Internet domain site or Web site that is created to boost the ego of a particular person or organization (slang)

vanity case= vanity bag: a small case or bag in which somebody carries cosmetics

4.

note the minimal set underneath:

bullet: 1.shot, cannonball, slug, gunshot, buckshot, ammunition, pellets, shells  2. slug, shot, shell, cartridge, pellet, ball, round, projectile

pullet: young domestic hen

cullet: broken or waste glass returned for recycling

mullet: an edible spiny small-mouthed fish that lives in fresh water or salt water and is found all over the world.

Churchill, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer (1874-1965), British politician and prime minister of the United Kingdom (1940-1945, 1951-1955), widely regarded as the greatest British leader of the 20th century. Churchill is celebrated for his leadership during World War II (1939-1945). His courage, decisiveness, political experience, and enormous vitality enabled him to lead his country through the war, one of the most desperate struggles in British history. Winston Churchill’s public life extended from the reign of Queen Victoria in the late 19th century to the Cold War. During this long political career, Churchill held every important cabinet office in the British government, except foreign minister. Churchill was also known for the many books on British history and politics he wrote throughout his lifetime. His command of the English language not only made him a great orator but earned him the Nobel Prize for literature in 1953.

Gehenna (Greek Geenna; Hebrew Ge Hinnom), Valley of Hinnom, near Jerusalem. Because some of the Israelites are supposed to have sacrificed their children to Moloch there (see 2 Kings , the valley came to be regarded as a place of abomination. In a later period it was made a refuse dump, and perpetual fires were maintained there to prevent pestilence. Thus, in the New Testament, Gehenna became synonymous with hell.

a slap on the wrist: a mild rebuke

a slap on the back: congratulations (informal)
a slap in the face: a rebuke or rebuff (informal)

a man of his word: a woman of her word: somebody who keeps her or his word

a skeleton in the closet: a closely kept secret that is a source of shame or embarrassment

a snake in the grass: an offensive term for somebody perceived as betraying or deceiving others

a flash in the pan: a sudden brief success that is not, or not likely to be, repeated

a done deal: something that has already been settled or finalized

a drop in the bucket: just a tiny part of the full quantity that is required, and thus insignificant

a leap in the dark: an action taken without knowing what the outcome or consequences will be

a straw in the wind:  a relatively minor incident or thing that gives some

a dime a dozen: very numerous or common, and therefore of less value

pennywise and pound foolish: economical with regard to small items of expenditure but extravagant with regard to large items

a fly in the ointment: a problem that spoils a good situation

a foot in the door: the first stage toward a goal, especially when this is difficult to achieve