فوق لیسانس مترجمی زبان انگلیسی

Formalists used to study the language neutrally. Sentences were examined in details while such linguists had closed their eyes on this reality that language is a human property which is used to communicate within society. Language was used to convey meaning and there were some who manipulated language to change reality so as to have control on others. Critical discourse analysts- whose thoughts originated from the works of French philosopher and sociologist Foucault, Freud, and Marx- studied and exposed this property of language. They started to make various researches on language use in societies to understand, expose and resist inequalities laid behind language use. It was a new approach to language based on its biased use within societies.

Societies in modern era are getting more complicated and heterogeneous and the more heterogeneous the society the more complicated the society and relations within it. Formation of nation states which hold in them many metropolitans in which lots of people with lots of ethnic, ideological, and historical backgrounds live consist the societies which are known today. Inside any such communities form many groups with different ideologies. These ideologies are constantly changing due to political reasons.

Ideology has got different definitions among them one is:" the set of factual and evaluative beliefs-that is the knowledge and the opinions- of a group." (Perez2003:5) these beliefs result in formation of rules which are designed to fulfill the interest of the subject group. There are many such groups in any society. They are constantly contesting each other to have a better opportunity to control the society in order to obtain their own interests.

One of the means to control society is mainly language. Language can be used to inform people. It can be used to provide people with enough information about an event or a fact to convince them to accept something or reject something. At the same time it can be used to deceive people. Many groups are accused of prevarication. Prevarication takes place by means of language.

Critical discourse analysis' main job is to understand these subtleties and expose them to the public so that they would be known by the ordinary people who in return will resist such abuses of language.   

It is the enemy who can truly teach us to practice the virtues of compassion and tolerance.

Dalai Lama (1935 - ) Tibetan spiritual leader.

Privilege is the greatest enemy of right.

Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach (1830 - 1916) Austrian novelist and poet.

We had to fight the enemy without in the Falklands. We always have to be aware of the enemy within which is more difficult to fight and more dangerous to liberty.

Margaret Thatcher (1925 - ) British prime minister. Speech to the 1922 Committee of the British Parliament

If you change the rules that control you, you can change the rules that you control.

The solution to your problems is you.

In the future you will be what you think of you now.

Never yearn for less than unimaginable.

Your enemy hides in the last place you may think of.

Julius Caesar

After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.

Constitution of the United States  U.S. system of fundamental laws.

Section 1 of the eighteenth amendment of the Constitution of the United States. This ban on alcohol was repealed in 1933.

Amendments to the Constitution

Irish Americans are about as Irish as Black Americans are African.

Bob Geldof (1954 - ) Irish rock musician.

No white American ever thinks that any other race is wholly civilized until he wears the white man's clothes, eats the white man's food, speaks the white man's language and professes the white man's religion.

Booker T. Washington (1856 - 1915) U.S. educator and political activist.

Up From Slavery

Once we find the fruits of success, the taste is nothing like we had anticipated.

Attributed to William Inge (1913 - 1973) U.S. playwright.

If you don't find a God by five o'clock this afternoon you must leave the college.

Attributed to Benjamin Jowett (1817 - 1893) British scholar.

Said to a student who had asserted that he could find no evidence for the existence of a God.

The distance doesn't matter; it is only the first step that is the most difficult.

Marie du Deffand (1697 - 1780)

French literary hostess.

Referring to the legend of Saint Denis, who is traditionally believed to have carried his severed head for six miles after his execution.

Letter to d'Alembert

odd one out

A.

1. worsen                                         2. deteriorate

3. deviate                                         4. descend                                                                                

B.

1.wreck                                            2.decline

3. demolish                                      4. ruin

C.

1.tyrant                                            2. dictator

3. despot                                         4.outlaw

D

1. ban                                              2. prohibit

3. verdict                                         4. interdict

E.

1. interpose                                     2. temporary

3. interim                                         4. pro tempore

odd one out

1.

a. besmear                                          b. smear

c. daub                                                d. berate

2.

a. blockade                                         b.  barricade

c. limeade                                           d. bar

3.

a. aback                                            b. backbone

c. back                                              d. backward

4.

a. deceive                                          b. delude

c. befool                                             d. bespeak

5.

a. bestride                                         b. befuddle

c. confuse                                          d. mix up

1. A person who loves collecting books

a. bibliographer                               b. bibliophile

c. bibliolater                                    d. bibliopole

2. The part of a public building where an audience sits

a. ecumenical                                  b. diatonic

c. planetary                                     d. auditorium

3. A small creature with many legs

a. fungi                                            b. centipede

c. pest                                             d. cyborg

ad- (also ac-, af-, ag-, al- , ap-, as-, at-) :  to, toward, or near

adjacent: neighboring, close-at-hand, close-by, contiguous, near-at-hand, nearby

adapt: accommodate, adjust, conform, fit, quadrate, reconcile, square, suit, tailor,     

                                             tailor-make

addict: habituate, adjust, confirm (in), devote (to), take (to)

adequate: sufficient, comfortable, competent, decent, enough, satisfactory, sufficing

adherent: follower, cohort, disciple, henchman, partisan, satellite, sectary, sectator,

                supporter

adjoin: abut, border, butt (on or against), communicate, join, line, march, neighbor, touch,

                verge

adjourn: defer, delay, hold off, hold over, hold up, postpone, put off, shelve, stay, suspend

advent: arrival, coming

adversary: opponent, antagonist, anti, con, match, opposer, oppugnant

adverse: antagonistic, anti, antipathetic, opposed, opposing, oppugnant

acculturation: cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or   

               borrowing traits from another culture

affluent: rich, moneyed, opulent, wealthy

aggradation: a modification of the earth's surface in the direction of uniformity of grade by    

               deposition

alliteration: the repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring     

                                             words or syllables (as wild and woolly, threatening throngs) — called also head              

                                             rhyme, initial rhyme

apportion: allot, admeasure, allocate, allow, assign, give, lot, mete (out)

attune: harmonize, accommodate, conform, coordinate, integrate, proportion, reconcile,

                                             reconciliate, tune

EXERCISE : In the space provided, write the letter of the word not related in meaning to the other words in each line.

1.......

a. uncover                 b. unearth             c. overshadow                d. divulge

2…….

a. smell of                 b. taper off            c. reek of                         d. smack of   

3…….

a. exalted                   b. pliant                c. manageable                d. influenceable

4…….

a. apportion               b. throng               c. crowd                          d. swarm around    

5…….

a. fork out                  b. surrender          c. tower over                   d. turn over

6…….

a. besmirch                b. stain                 c. defile                            d. muster up

7…….

a. penetrable             b. honey               c. drown                           d. porous

8…….

a. prosecute              b. solicit                c. summon                       d. confound

9…….

a. defraud                  b. abate                c. dupe                            d. bamboozle 

10…….

a. sublime                  b. inundate           c. engulf                          d. deluge       

write the number of the prefix, suffix or stem in column 2 before each word or phrase  in column 1

1                                                                                                              2                                                             

…….a. thing or place relating to                                                      1.-cade

…….b. mankind                                                                                  2.agro

…….c. beginning, end , tip                                                               3.amph-

…….d. of the heart                                                                              4.-arium

…….e. deep sea                                                                                 5.-athon

…….f. farming                                                                                      6.-centric

…….g. having a center or centers                                                    7.cardi-

…….h. procession                                                                              8.bathy-

…….i. of both sides                                                                            9.anthro

…….j. activity lasting a long time                                                      10.acro-

Hand over: deliver, fork out, fork up, present, release, surrender, transfer, turn over, yield

ex: The country has let inspectors back in but not yet handed over the illicit chemical weapons it is thought to possess.   

Inundate: bury, deluge, drown, engulf, flood, swamp, submerge

ex : Major rivers in  Pakistan burst  their banks,  inundating  farmland,  while

mudslides destroyed huts in North-West Frontier Province.

Porous: absorbent, honey, combed, penetrable, sponge-like

ex: The new plan made high ranking officials realize how porous the country's

immense frontiers are.

Conclave: assembly, conference, congress, secret or private meeting

ex: On  July  6 and 7, a  conclave of  the European Union  and seven  other nations will ponder president's   request for  $ 2 billion  in so-called  social aid for country'speace plan..............................

Bamboozle: baffle, cheat, con, confound, deceive, defraud, delude, dupe, fool, trick

ex: They are trying to bamboozle American consumers to use their products.

Wane: abate, contract, decline, decrease, dim, ebb, fade, lessen, shrink, taper off

ex: The power of electronic companies waned during this period.

Fill the blank with appropriate word.

aster      contemporary      refugees      ecclesial      escapee

deciduous      dictator      expellees      demented      ethnic

1. The prison security team started the search for the ……...

2. ……… is a garden plant with pink, purple or white flowers.

3. The neighboring country refused to let ……….  to pass the border.

4.   Oaks, beeches, birches, chestnuts, aspens, elms, maples, and basswoods (or lindens) are the dominant trees in mid-latitude ………… forests.

5. Many ………… scientists disregarded his thought.

6.  After World War II Germany received more than 12 million refugees and ………… from former German territory .

7. Each ………... community has preserved its respective language.

8. The priest could feel the burden of ……….. responsibility on his shoulder.

9. The ………… man's behavior frightened all the people in the aeroplane.

10. He was not democratic. he was a …………

odd one out

A.

1. worsen                                         2. deteriorate

3. deviate                                         4. descend                                                                                

B.

1.wreck                                            2.decline

3. demolish                                      4. ruin

C.

1.tyrant                                            2. dictator

3. despot                                         4.outlaw

D

1. ban                                              2. prohibit

3. verdict                                         4. interdict

E.

1. interpose                                     2. temporary

3. interim                                         4. pro tempore

choose syn.

1. a person who works for a company in return for money

a. expellee                                      b. absentee

c. employee                                    d. patentee

2. to say, declare or indicate in advance

a. verdict                                        b. predict

c. interdict                                      d. prohibit

3. one to whom money is paid

a. payee                                         b. grantee

c. oppressor                                   d. tyrant

4. to change from a course of action or from what is normal or usual

a. depreciate                                  b. inhibit

c. deviate                                       d. enjoin

5. to reduce sb to a lower rank

a. dismiss                                       b. disapprove

c. demote                                       d. languish

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My information about MA university entrance exam is not updated. For more information you are kindly recommended to refer to the following blogs.

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* If you do what you have always done you get what you have always got.

* You are the product of your past thoughts. If you are not satisfied with what you are make decision and think about that decision, dream about you’re the result of your decision, concentrate on it; I promise you will get it. The future of you is now with you.  How you think about yourself now and how you see your future this thought will come true.

You will succeed if you have self-respect. If one does not respect herself how can she expect others respect her.

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Vocabulary

invasion:

[15th century. Directly or via French from the late Latin stem invasion- , from Latin invas- , past participle stem of invadere (see invade).]

1. attempt to conquer: a hostile entry of an armed force into a country’s territory, especially with the intention of conquering it

2. spread of disease

3. spread of something harmful

4. arrival in large numbers

5. aggressive spread of plant

Synonyms: attack, assault, incursion, raid, foray, offensive, annexation, conquest, subjugation, penetration, infiltration, aggression

antonym: withdrawal

parts of speech:

invasive, invasively, invasiveness

SEE:

encroach: "desert encroached the village."

1. trespass on something: to intrude gradually or stealthily, often taking away somebody’s authority, rights, or property

2. exceed proper limits: to exceed the proper limits of something

synonyms: intrude, impinge (formal), infringe, invade, trespass, eat into, make inroads into, violate

antonym: respect

controversial:

1. Causing argument: provoking strong disagreement or disapproval, for example, in public debate

 The CEO heading up the company is a controversial figure.

2. Argumentative: enjoying or habitually engaging in controversy

 a controversial writer

Synonyms: contentious, provocative, debated, debatable, divisive, hot, notorious, scandalous, heated, polemic

coalition:

[Early 17th century. From the medieval Latin stem coalition- , from Latin coalit- , the past participle stem of coalescere “to grow together”.]

1. Political alliance: a temporary union between two or more groups, especially political parties

2. Merging into single entity: the merging of things into one body or mass

Synonyms: alliance, union, partnership, combination, league, association, federation, merger, confederacy, confederation

Parts of speech:

coalitionist, coalitions, coalesce verb , coalescence noun ,coalescent adjective  

SEE:

coalesce: merge or unite things: to merge or cause things to merge into a single body or group

consequence:

[14th century. Via French from Latin consequentia , from consequi (see consequent).]

1. result: something that follows as a result

  This is a direct consequence of your negligence.

2. relation between result and cause: the relation between a result and its cause

3. importance: importance or significance (formal) (often used in negative statements)

  Your opinion is of no consequence whatsoever to me.

4. logical conclusion: a conclusion reached through valid deductive reasoning

In consequence: as a result of something (formal)

Synonyms: result, effect, outcome, end result, corollary, aftereffect, aftermath, upshot

SEE:

Repercussion: result of action: something, especially an unforeseen problem, that results from an action (often used in the plural)

* In Europe people have thought a lot about the war. The English thought about it before, the French during the War and the Germans after the War.

Kurt Tucholsky (1890 - 1935)

German philosopher.

Referring to World War I (1914-1918).

VOCABULARY:

A

A week after the United States announced new sanctions against Iran, Undersecretary of State Nicholas Burns met with French officials to press for other Western allies to follow suit, or at least loosen their economic ties with the Islamic republic.

suit 

noun (plural suits)